Diminishing Musyarakah/ Musharkah
Diminishing musyarakah or musyarakah mutanaiqisah is
another form of musyarakah which was developed recently by the scholars.
It is a musyarakah in which the Islamic bank agrees to transfer
gradually to the other partner its (the Islamic bank’s) share in the musyarakah,
so that the Islamic bank’s share declines and the other partner’s share
increases until the latter becomes the sole proprietor of the venture.
According to this concept, a financier and his client participate either in the
joint ownership of a property or an equipment, or in a joint commercial
enterprise. The share of the financier is further divided into a number of
units and it is understood that the client will purchase the units of the share
of the financier one by one periodically, thus increasing his own share until
all the units of the financier are purchased by him so as to make him the sole
owner of the property or the commercial enterprise.
Diminishing musyarakah has taken different forms in
different transactions. Some examples are given below:
A. It has been used mostly in house financing. The client wants to
purchase a house for which he does not have adequate funds. He approaches the
financier who agrees to participate with him in purchasing the required house.
20 per cent of the price is paid by the client and 80 per cent of the price by
the financier. Thus the financier owns 80 per cent of the house while the
client owns 20 per cent. After purchasing the property jointly, the client uses
the house for his residential requirement and pays rent to the joint owner for
using their ownership in the property.
At the same time, the share of the financier is further divided in
eight equal units, each unit representing 10 per cent ownership of the house.
The client promises to the financier that he will purchase one unit after three
months. Accordingly, after the first term of three months, he purchases one
unit of the share of the financier by paying 1/10th of the price of the house.
It reduces the share of the financier from 80 per cent to 70 per
cent. Hence, the rent payable to the financier is also reduced to that extent.
At the end of the second term, he purchases another unit increasing his share
in the property to 40 per cent and reducing the share of the financier to 60
per cent and consequently reducing the rent by that proportion.
This process goes on in the same fashion until after the end of two
years, the client purchases the whole share of the financier reducing the share
of the financier to ‘zero’ and increasing his own share to 100 per cent. This
arrangement, among other forms of diminishing partnership, allows the financier
to claim rent according to his proportion of ownership in the property and at
the same time allows him periodical returns of a part of his principal through
purchases of the units of his share. B. ‘A’ wants to purchase a taxi to use it
for offering transport services to passengers and to earn income through fares
received from them, but he is short of funds. ‘B’ agrees to participate in the
purchase of the taxi. Therefore, both of them purchase a taxi jointly; 80 per
cent of the price is paid by ‘B’ and 20 per cent is paid by ‘A’. After the taxi
is purchased, it is employed to provide transport the passengers whereby the
net income of 1000 ringgit is earned on a daily basis. Since ‘B’ has 80 per
cent share in the taxi it is agreed that 80 per cent of the fare will be given
to him and the remaining 20 per cent will be retained by ‘A’ who has a 20 per
cent share in the taxi. It means that 800 ringgit is earned by ‘B’ and 200
ringgit by ‘A’ on a daily basis. At the same time the share of ‘B’ is further
divided into eight units. After three months ‘A’ purchases one unit from the
share of ‘B’. Consequently the share of ‘B’ is reduced to 70 per cent and the
share of ‘A’ is increased to 30 per cent, i.e. from that date ‘A’ will be
entitled to 300 ringgit from the daily income of the taxi and ‘B’ will earn 700
ringgit. This process will go on until after the expiry of two years, whereby
the whole taxi will be owned by ‘A’ and ‘B’ will take back his original
investment along with income distributed to him as aforesaid.
Both the Buyer and the Bank will each contribute towards the
purchase of the home. For example, the Bank may contribute 90% and the Buyer
10% of the purchase price. Over a period of up to 25 years, the Buyer will make
monthly purchase installments through which the Bank will sell its share (90%)
of the home to buyer. With each payment installment, the Bank's share in the
property diminishes while the Buyer’s share correspondingly increases. While
the purchase installments are being made, the Bank will charge the Buyer rent
for the use of its share of the property, the rent being calculated according
to the respective number of shares owned.
Many see this as little different from a conventional mortgage,
because, under both methods, monthly payments are made which may be similar in
amount. However, unlike a conventional mortgage, where money is lent to help
with the purchase of a property, the Bank makes its profit through the
property's physical use via buyer occupation as a tenant. This is one of the
fundamentals of Islamic finance whereby you can charge for the use of something
physical, like a property, but you cannot charge for the use of money, because
this is interest. The relationship between buyer and the Bank is also quite
different.
